Pte Re-Order Paragraphs

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1. International Economics 

a) International Economics: Theory and Policy is a proven approach in which each half of the book leads with an intuitive introduction to theory and follows with self contained chapters to cover key policy applications. 

b) The Eighth Edition integrates the latest research, data, and policy in hot topics such as outsourcing, economic geography, trade and environment, financial derivatives, the subprime crisis, and China's exchange rate policies. 

c)New for the Eighth Edition, all end-of-chapter problems are integrated into My EconLab, the online assessment and tutorial system that accompanies the text. 

d) Students get instant, targeted feedback, and instructors can encourage practice without needing to grade work by hand. For more information visit MyEconLab.

 2. Railway profile 

a) Early rails were used on horse drawn wagon ways originally with wooden rails, but from the 1760s using strap-iron rails, which consisted of thin strips of cast iron fixed onto wooden rails. 

b) These rails were too fragile to carry heavy loads, but because the initial construction cost was less, this method was sometimes used to quickly build an inexpensive rail line. 

c)However, the long-term expense involved in frequent maintenance outweighed any savings. 

d) These were superseded by cast iron rails that were flanged (i.e. 'L' shaped) and with the wagon wheels flat. 

e) An early proponent of this design was Benjamin Outram. His partner William Jessop preferred the use of \"edge rails\" in 1789 where the wheels were flanged and, over time, it was realised that this combination worked better. 

f) The first steel rails were made in 1857 by Robert Forester Mushet, who laid them at Derby station in England. Steel is a much stronger material, which steadily replaced iron for use on railway rail and allowed much longer lengths of rails to be rolled. 

3. EU fishing 

a) The European Union has two big fish problems. 

b) One is that, partly as a result of its failure to manage them properly, its\rown fisheries can no longer meet European demand. 

c)The other is that its governments won't confront their fishing lobbies and decommission all the surplus boats. 

d) The EU has tried to solve both problems by sending its fishermen to West Africa. Since 1979 it has struck agreements with the government of Senegal, granting our fleets access to its waters. 

e) As a result, Senegal's marine ecosystem has started to go the same way as ours. 

4. Children's verbal skills 

a）Many young children are inexperienced in dealing with emotional upheaval.

b）As a result, they lack the coping strategies that many adults have. 

c）In particular, many young children lack the verbal skills to express their emotions and to effectively communicate their need for emotional support. 

d) The frustration of not being able to effectively communicate may manifest itself in alternative behaviors.

5. Competence and performance 

a）In language learning, there is a distinction between competence and performance. Competence is a state of the speaker's mind. What does he or she know? 

b）Separate from actual performance- what he or she does while producing or comprehending language. In other words, competence is put to use through performance. 

c）"An analogy can be made to the Highway Code for driving. Drivers know the Code and have indeed been tested on it to obtain a driving license." 

d）In actual driving, however, the driver has to relate the Code to a continuous flow of changing circumstances, and may even break it from time to time.” 

e）"Knowing the Highway Code is not the same as driving."

6. Memory loss 

a) In 1992 a retired engineer in San Diego contracted a rare brain disease that wiped out his memory. 

b) Every day he was asked where the kitchen was in his house, and every day he didn’t have the foggiest idea. 

c) Yet whenever he was hungry he got up and propelled himself straight to the kitchen to get something to eat. 

d) Studies of this man led scientists to a breakthrough: the part of our brains where habits are stored has nothing to do with memory or reason. It offered proof of what the US psychologist William James noticed more than a century ago that humans “are mere walking bundles of habits.

7. Greener technologies 

a) Engineers are much needed to develop greener technologies, he says. 

b) “The energy sector has a fantastic skills shortage at all levels, both now and looming over it for the next 10 years,” he says. 

c) Not only are there some good career opportunities, but there's a lot of money going into the research side, too. 

d) With the pressures of climate change and the energy gap, in the last few years funding from the research councils has probably doubled.

8. New ventures 

a) New Ventures is a program that helps entrepreneurs in some of the world's most dynamic, emerging economies--Brazil, China, Colombia, India, Indonesia and Mexico. 

b) We have facilitated more than $203 million in investment, and worked with 250 innovative businesses whose goods and services produce clear, measurable environmental benefits, such as clean energy, efficient water use, and sustainable agriculture. 

c) Often they also address the challenges experienced by the world's poor. 

d) For example, one of the companies we work with in China, called Ecostar, refurbishes copy machines from the United States and re-sells or leases them for 20 percent less than a branded photocopier. 

9. London Underground 

a) For as long as I can remember, there has been a map in the ticket hall of Piccadilly Circus tube station supposedly showing night and day across the time zones of the world. 

b) This is somewhat surprising given the London Underground's historic difficultly in grasping the concept of punctuality. 

c) But this map has always fascinated me, and still does, even though it now seems very primitive. 

d) This is because it chops the world up equally by longitude, without regard the reality of either political divisions or the changing seasons. 

10. Mother of Storms 

a）Unlike Barnes' previous books, Mother of Storms has a fairly large cast of viewpoint characters. 

b）This usually irritates me, but I didn't mind it here, and their interactions are well handled and informative, although occasionally in moving those about the author's manipulations are a bit blatant. (Especially when one character's ex-girlfriend, who has just undergone a sudden and not entirely credible change in personality, is swept up by a Plot Device in Shining Armor and transported directly across most of Mexico and a good bit of the States to where she happens to bump into another viewpoint character.  

c）They're not all necessarily good guys, either, although with the hurricanes wreaking wholesale destruction upon the world's coastal areas, ethical categories tend to become irrelevant."

 d）But even the Evil American Corporate Magnate is a pretty likable guy. 

11. Science and technology 

a）It is a truism to say that in 21st century society science and technology are important. 

b)Human existence in the developed world is entirely dependent on some fairly recent developments in science and technology. 

c）Whether this is good or bad is, of course, up for argument. 

d）But the fact that science underlies our lives, our health, our work, our communications, our entertainment and our transport is undeniable. 

12. Computer science 

a）Why Applied Computer Science?  

b）Our Applied Computer Science major is all about giving you the skills to solve computer-related problems. 

c）With rapid advances in technology and new applications being developed constantly, it is hard to say what those problems will be. 

d)One thing is for sure, though, it is going to be exciting finding out. 

13. Speaking English 

a）Anyone wanting to get to the top of international business, medicine or academia (but possibly not sport) needs to be able to speak English to a pretty high level.

b）Equally, any native English speaker wanting to deal with these new high achievers needs to know how to talk without baffling them. 

c）Because so many English-speakers today are monoglots, they have little idea how difficult it is to master another language. 

d）Many think the best way to make foreigners understand is to be chatty and informal. 

e）This may seem friendly but, as it probably involves using colloquial expressions, it makes comprehension harder. 

14. The job of a manager 

a) The job of a manager in the workplace is to get things done through employees. 

b) In order to accomplish this, the manager should be able to motivate employees. 

c) That is, however, easier said than done. 

d) Motivation practice and theory are difficult subjects, encompassing various disciplines. 

15. Copernicanism 

a）The expanding influence of Copernicanism through the seventeenth century transformed not only the natural philosophic leanings of astronomers but also the store of conceptual material accessible to writers of fiction. 

b）During this period of scientific revolution, a new literary genre arose, namely that of the scientific cosmic voyage Scientists and writers alike constructed fantastical tales in which fictional characters journey to the moon, sun, and planets. 

c）In so doing, they discover that these once remote worlds are themselves earth-like in character. 

d）Descriptions of these planetary bodies as terrestrial in kind demonstrate the seventeenth century intellectual shift from the Aristotelian to the Copernican framework. 

16. Reaction 

a）A reaction that needs some type of energy to make it go is said to be endothermic. It takes in energy. 

b）For example, the sherbet you used for the chapter problem on page 25 is a mixture of baking soda and citric acid. 

c）When it is mixed with water in your mouth, an endothermic reaction occurs, taking heat energy from your mouth and making it feel cooler. 

d）Another example of an endothermic reaction is seen with the cold packs used by athletes to treat injuries. These packs usually consist of a plastic bag containing ammonium nitrate dissolves in the water. 

e）This process is endothermic-taking heat energy from the surroundings and cooling the injured part of your body. In this way, the cold pack acts as an ice pack. 

17. Heart attack 

a) Heart attack is the caused by the sudden blockage of a coronary artery by a blood clot. 

b) When the clot is formed, it will stay in the blood vessels. 

c) The clot in blood vessels will block blood flow. 

d) Without the normal blood flow, it will cause muscle contraction. 

18. Sleep 

a）A Technology for recording brainwaves in wild animals awakens a more sophisticated understanding of the function of sleep. Studies using miniature sleep recording devices known as neurologgers have already challenged several long-held beliefs about the sleeping habits of sloths and birds. 

b）Three toed sloths, for example, sleep far less than once thought. 

c）And male sandpipers can go almost entirely without sleep during the three-week breeding season, helping maximize success at that time. 

d）Now John Lesku of La Trobe University in Melbourne and his colleagues are using neurologgers to investigate whether light pollution interferes with the circadian rhythms of tammar wallabies in Australia. 

19. Egyptian temple 

a) We know infinitely more about the wealthy people of Egypt than we do about the ordinary people, as almost all the monuments were made for the rich and influential. 

b) Houses in which ordinary Egyptians lived have not been preserved, and when most people died they were buried in simple graves with few funerary goods. 

c) Most of our traditional sources of information about the Old Kingdom are those concerned with death and the rituals surrounding death: these include pyramids, tombs and graves, but also statues, reliefs and paintings. 

d) Even papyri come mainly from pyramid temples. 

e) But this does not mean that death was the Egyptians' only preoccupation. 

20. Bird-feeding 

a）According to experts, feeding birds is probably the most common way in which people interact with wild animals today. More than 50 million Americans engage in the practice, collectively undertaking an unwitting experiment on a vast scale. 

b）Is what we're doing good or bad for birds? 

c）Recently, researchers at the Cornell Lab of Ornithology sought to answer this question, analyzing nearly three decades' worth of data from a winter-long survey called Project Feeder Watch. 

d）Preliminary results suggest the species visiting our feeders the most are faring exceptionally well in an age when one-third of the continent's birds need urgent conservation. 

e）Still, what are the consequences of skewing the odds in favor of the small subset of species inclined to eat at feeders? What about when the bird we’re aiding is invasive, like our house finch? 

21. Vegetarian 

a) Vegetarians eat only vegetables. They do not eat meat. 

b) The school cafeteria provides food according to these vegetarian requirements. 

c) Many non-vegetarians also like vegetarian food. 

d) This improvement is highly relevant to the increasing population of vegetarians. 

22. Pilot 

a）After finishing first in his pilot training class, Lindbergh took his first job as the chief pilot of an airmail route operated by Robertson Aircraft Co. of Lambert Field in St. Louis, Missouri. 

b）He flew the mail in a de Havilland DH-4 biplane to Springfield, Peoria and Chicago, Illinois. 

c）During his tenure on the mail route, he was renowned for delivering the mail under any circumstances. 

d）After a crash, he even salvaged stashes of mail from his burning aircraft and immediately phoned Alexander Varney, Peoria's airport manager, to advise him to send a truck. 

23. Challenging Jobs 

a) Numbers of staff who wish to turn up and do a simple job and go home is relatively happy if they believe their work is secure. 

b) However, any employee who wants to acquire more varied and responsible duties will not feel satisfied for long staying with the same and boring job. 

c) People want to keep working hard only if there are opportunities for promotion to a more challenging job. 

d) If this opportunity does not exist, they are most likely to be demotivated. 

24. Solution of issue 

a）In general, there is a tendency to underestimate how long it takes to discuss and resolve an issue on which two people initially have different views. 

b）The reason is that achieving agreement requires people to accept the reality of views different from their own and to accept change or compromise. 

c）It is not just a matter of putting forward a set of facts and expecting the other person immediately to accept the logic of the exposition. 

d）They (and probably you) have to be persuaded and helped to feel comfortable about the outcome that is eventually agreed. 

e）People need time to make this adjustment in attitude and react badly to any attempt to rush them into an agreement.  

25. United nation conferences 

a）Conferences have played a key role in guiding the work of the United Nations since its very inception. 

b）In fact, the world body was born when delegates from 50 nations met in San Francisco in April 1945 for the United Nations Conference on International Organization. 

c）The recent high-profile conferences on development issues, which have continued a series that began in the 1970s, have broken new ground in many areas: by involving Presidents, Prime Ministers and other heads of state - as pioneered at the 1990 World Summit for Children. 

d）These events have put long-term, difficult problems like poverty and environmental degradation at the top of the global agenda. 

e）These problems otherwise would not have the political urgency to grab front-page headlines and command the attention of world leaders.

26. Glow worm 

a）The Newnes railroad was closed in 1932 after 25 years of shipping oil shale. 

b）The rails were pulled out of the 600-meter tunnel, which had been bored through the sandstone in the Wollemi National Park, and the tunnel was left to its own devices. 

c）For Newnes, that meant becoming home to thousands and thousands of glow worms. 

d）The glow worm is a catch-all name for the bioluminescent larvae of various species, in this case, the Arachnocampa richardsae, a type of fungus gnat. 

e）Found in massive numbers in caves, the fungus gnat larvae cling to the rocky walls of the abandoned tunnel and hunt with long, glowing strings of sticky mucus. 

27. Dropout 

a) Educators are seriously concerned about the high rate of dropouts among the doctor of philosophy candidates and the consequent loss of talent to a nation in need of Ph. D. s. 

b) Some have placed the dropouts loss as high as 50 percent. 

c) The extent of the loss was, however, largely a matter of expert guessing. Last week a well-rounded study was published.

d) It was published. It was based on 22,000 questionnaires sent to former graduate students who were enrolled in 24 universities and it seemed to show many past fears to be groundless. 

28. Calf experiment 

a) To gauge optimism and pessimism, the researchers set up an experiment involving 22 calves. 

b) Before they started the experiment, they trained the calves to understand which of their choices would lead to a reward. 

c) In the training, each calf entered a small pen and found a wall with five holes arranged in a horizontal line, two-and-a-half feet apart. 

d) The hole at one end contained milk from a bottle, while the hole at the opposite end contained only an empty bottle and delivered a puff of air in calvesl faces. 

e) The calves learned quickly which side of the pen held the milk reward. 

29. World feeding 

a) Weill likely have two billion more mouths to feed by mid-century — more than nine billion people.

 b) But sheer population growth isn't the only reason welll need more food. 

c) The spread of prosperity across the world, especially in China and India, is driving an increased demand for meat, eggs, and dairy, boosting pressure to grow more corn and soybeans to feed more cattle, pigs, and chickens. 

d) If these trends continue, the double whammy of population growth and richer diets will require us to roughly double the amount of crops we grow by 2050.  

30. Walmart 

a) Majority of Walmart customer have less money ‘at the end of the month.’ 

b) This was cause from lending of U.S. 

c) This trend if confirmed will cause more trouble. 

d) This damage is manageable.  

31. Art history 

a) Art history is the study of objects of art in their historical development and stylistic contexts. 

b) The study includes painting, sculpture, architecture, ceramics, furniture, and other decorative objects. 

c) Art history is the history of different groups of people and their culture represented throughout their artwork. 

d) Art historians compare different time periods in art history. 

e) As a term, art history (its product being history of art) encompasses several methods of studying the visual arts; in common usage referring to works of art and architecture. 

32. Common mistake 

a) Another common mistake is to ignore or rule out data which do not support the hypothesis. 

b) Ideally, the experimenter is open to the possibility that the hypothesis is correct or incorrect. 

c)Sometimes, however, a scientist may have a strong belief that the hypothesis is true (or false), or feels internal or external pressure to get a specific result. 

d) In that case, there may be a psychological tendency to find "something wrong", such as systematic effects, with data which do not support the scientist's expectations, while data which do agree with those expectations may not be checked as carefully. 

e) The lesson is that all data must be handled in the same way.  

33. Language skills 

a) It is wrong, however, to exaggerate the similarity between language and other cognitive skills, because language stands apart in several ways. 

b) For one thing, the use of language is universal—all normally developing children learn to speak at least one language, and many learn more than one. 

c)By contrast, not everyone becomes proficient at complex mathematical reasoning, few people learn to paint well, and many people cannot carry a tune. 

d) Because everyone is capable of learning to speak and understand language, it may seem to be simple. 

e) But just the opposite is true—language is one of the most complex of all human cognitive abilities.  

34. Indian IT 

a) Innovation in India is as much due to entrepreneurialism as it is to IT skills, says Arun Maria, chairman of Boston Consulting Group in India. 

b) Indian businessmen have used IT to create new business models that enable them to provide services in a more cost-effective way. 

c) This is not something that necessarily requires expensive technical research. 

d) He suggests the country's computer services industry can simply outsource research to foreign universities if the capability is not available locally.

e）“This way, I will have access to the best scientists in the world without having to produce them myself,” said Mr. Maria.  

35. Foreign aid 

a) By the beginning in the 1990s, foreign aid had begun to slowly improve. 

b) Scrutiny by the news media shamed many developed countries into curbing their bad practices. 

c) Today, the projects of organizations like the World Bank are meticulously inspected by watchdog groups. 

d) Although the system is far from perfect, it is certainly more transparent than it was when foreign aid routinely helped ruthless dictators stay in power.  

36. Jet stream 

a) Jet stream, narrow, swift currents or tubes of air found at heights ranging from 7 to 8 mi (11.3–12.9 km) above the surface of the earth. 

b) They are caused by great temperature differences between adjacent air masses. There are four major jet streams. 

c) Instead of moving along a straight line, the jet stream flows in a wavelike fashion; the waves propagate eastward (in the Northern Hemisphere) at speeds considerably slower than the wind speed itself. 

d) Since the progress of an airplane is aided or impeded depending on whether tail winds or head winds are encountered. 

e) In the Northern Hemisphere the jet stream is sought by eastbound aircraft, in order to gain speed and save fuel, and avoided by westbound aircraft. 

37. SEPAHUA 

a) SEPAHUA, a ramshackle town on the edge of Peru's Amazon jungle, nestles in a pocket on the map where a river of the same name flows into the Urubamba. 

b) That pocket denotes a tiny patch of legally loggable land sandwiched between four natural reserves, all rich in mahogany and accessible from the town. “Boundaries are on maps,” says a local logger, “maps are only in Lima,” the capital.

c) In 2001 the government, egged on by WWF, a green group, tried to regulate logging in the relatively small part of the Peruvian Amazon where this is allowed. 

d) It abolished the previous system of annual contracts. 

e) Instead, it auctioned 40-year concessions to areas ruled off on a map, with the right to log 5% of the area each year. The aim was to encourage strict management plans and sustainable extraction. 

38. Date line 

a) International Date Line, imaginary line on the earth's surface, generally following the 180° meridian of longitude, where, by international agreement, travelers change dates. 

b) The date line is necessary to avoid a confusion that would otherwise result. 

c) For example, if an airplane were to travel westward with the sun, 24 hr would elapse as it circled the globe, but it would still be the same day for those in the airplane while it would be one day later for those on the ground below them. 

d) The same problem would arise if two travelers journeyed in opposite directions to a point on the opposite side of the earth, 180° of longitude distant. 

e) The apparent paradox is resolved by requiring that the traveler crossing the date line change his date, thus bringing the travelers into agreement when they meet.

39. Ocean floor 

a) The topography of the ocean floors is none too well known, since in great areas the available soundings are hundreds or even thousands of miles apart. 

b) However, the floor of the Atlantic is becoming fairly well known as a result of special surveys since 1920. 

c) A broad, well-defined ridge-the Mid-Atlantic ridge-runs north and south between Africa and the two Americas. Numerous other major irregularities diversify the Atlantic floor. 

d) Closely spaced soundings show that many parts of the oceanic floors are rugged as mountainous regions of the continents. 

e) Use of the recently perfected method of echo sounding is rapidly enlarging our knowledge of submarine topography. 

f) During World War II great strides were made in mapping submarine surfaces, particularly in many parts of the vast pacific basin.”

40. George Marshall 

a) In his fascinating book Carbon Detox, George Marshall argues that people are not persuaded by information. 

b) Our views are formed by the views of the people with whom we mix. 

c) Of the narratives that might penetrate these circles, we are more likely to listen to those that offer us some reward. 

d) He proposes that instead of arguing for sacrifice, environmentalists should show where the rewards might lie. 

e) We should emphasize the old-fashioned virtues of uniting in the face of a crisis, of resourcefulness and community action.

41. Private-equity 

a) Take an underperforming company… 

b) Add some generous helping of debt, a few spoonful of management incentives and trim all the fat. 

c) Leave to cook for five years and you have a feast of profits. 

d) That has been the recipe for private-equity groups during the past 200 years.

42. Wagonways 

a) Roads of rails called Wagonways were being used in Germany as early as 1550. 

b) These primitive railed roads consisted of wooden rails over which horse-drawn wagons or carts moved with greater ease than over dirt roads. Wagonways were the beginnings of modern railroads. 

c) By 1776, iron had replaced the wood in the rails and wheels on the carts. 

d) In 1789, Englishman, William Jessup designed the first wagons with flanged wheels. 

e) The flange was a groove that allowed the wheels to better grip the rail, this was an important design that carried over to later locomotives.

43. Choose a school 

a) There are more than 100 schools in the country. 

b) Do not ever choose a school without going to the place and having a look. You should go and see once you have a chance. 

c) You can see the facilities and accomodations around the school. 

d) Because you might be living there. 

e) And they can be helpful to your study as well. 

44. Worship 

a) My study of the history of religion has revealed that human beings are spiritual animals. Indeed, there is a case for arguing that Homo sapiens is also Homo religious. 

b) Men and women started to worship gods as soon as they became recognizably human; they created religions at the same time as they created works of art. 

c) This was not simply because they wanted to propitiate powerful forces. 

d) These early faiths expressed the wonder and mystery that seems always to have been an essential component of the human experience of this beautiful world.

45. Humanities 

a) A requirement of Humanities 104 is to write a persuasive paper on a topic of your choice. 

b) The topic you choose should be supported by a range of sources. 

c) The source should be cited under APA guidelines, and the final draft should be written in APA styles. 

d) The final draft is due one week before the final exam. 

46. Study abroad 

a) All over the world studetns are changing countries for their university studies. 

b) They don't all have the same reasons for going or for choosing a particular place to study. 

c) They may choose a university because of its interesting courses or perhaps because they like the country and its language. 

d) Some students go overseas because they love travel.

e) Whatever the reason, thousands of students each year make their dreams of a university education come true.

47. Scientific dishonesty 

a) I think we should be wary of the reporting of science — it is often over-dramatized in order to secure an audience — but not of science itself. 

b) Of course, there are rare extremely scientific dishonesties, which will be seized upon by the news organizations. 

c) The role of science in modern society remains valuable. 

d) Mobile phones, for example. Can cause incidents if drivers insist on talking on the phone instead of looking at roads. 

e) But no one would argue that mobile phones cannot help to make a phone call when we are in a crisis.  

48. Mayor 

a) Education scholars generally agree that mayors can help failing districts, but they are starting to utter warnings.

b ) Last summer the editors of the Harvard Educational Review warned that mayoral control can reduce parents’ influence on schools. 

c) And they pointed to Mr. Bloomberg’s aggressive style as an example of what not to do. 

d) All this must be weighed up by the New York state legislature in 2009, when mayoral control is up for renewal - or scrapping.

49. Mittal 

a) Arcelor, established in Dutch, had been the largest European steel maker by 2006. 

b) It was taken over by Mittal, a Dutch-registered company run from London by its biggest single shareholder, Lakshmi Mittal, an Indian who started his first business in Indonesia. 

c) The takeover battle raged for six months before Arcelor's bosses finally listened to shareholders who wanted the board to accept Mittal's third offer.

d) The Arcelor-Mittal deal demonstrates Europe's deepening integration into the global economy.  

50. Objectivity of Journalists 

a) Although experts like journalists are expected to be unbiased, they inevitably share the system biases of the disciplines and cultures in which they work. 

b) Journalists try to be fair and objective by presenting all sides of a particular issues. 

c) Practically speaking, however, it is about as easy to present all sides of an issue as it is to invite all candidates from all political parties to a presidential debate. 

d) Some perspectives ultimately are not included.  

51. Exploratory urge 

a) All animals have a strong exploratory urge, but for some it is more crucial than others. 

b) It depends on how specialized they have become during the course of evolution. 

c) If they have put all their effort into the perfection of one survival trick, they do not bother so much with the general complexities of the world around them. 

d) So long as the ant eater has its ants and the koala bear is gum leaves, then they are satisfied and the living is easy. 

e) The non-specialists, however, the opportunists of the animal world, can never afford to relax. 

52. Literacy project 

a) A University of Canberra student has launched the nation’s first father-led literacy project, to encourage fathers to become more involved in their children’s literacy. 

b) Julia Bocking’s Literacy and Dads (LADS) project aims to increase the number of fathers participating as literacy helpers in K-2 school reading programs at Queanbeyan Primary Schools. 

c) “There’s no program like this in Australia,” Ms. Bocking said, who devised the project as the final component of her community education degree at the University. 

d) Having worked as a literacy tutor with teenagers, Ms. Bocking saw the need for good attitudes towards reading to be formed early on – with the help of male role models. 

53. Electronic device disposal 

a) The invention of electronics has become a challenge. 

b) An Indian university persuaded IT service department to have an Electronic Recycling Collection Day. 

c) During these days, …people are encouraged to recycle their e-waste instead of throwing them into the bin. 

d) On certain days throughout the year, many electronic devices like …. from families and households … 

e) 200,000 electronic products had been recycled in 2010.  

54. Martin Luther King 

a) Rose Parks has a great impact on the civil rights movements. 

b) She refused to give her bus seat to a white man. 

c) The bus driver arrested her. 

d) Her arrested was … by Martin Luther King. 

e) King then … a boycott on the bus system. 

55. Blog entry 

a) When Vijay Govindarajan and Christian Sarkar wrote a blog entry on Harvard Business Review in August 2010 mooting the idea of a “$300-house for they were merely expressing a suggestion. “. 

b) Of course, the idea we present here is an experiment,” wrote Prof Govindarajan, a professor of international business at the Tuck School of Business at Dartmouth and Mr. Sarkar, a marketing consultant who works on environmental issues an almost apologetic disclaimer for having such a “far-out” idea. 

c) Who could create a house for $300 and if it was possible, why hadn’t it been done before? 

d) Nonetheless, they closed their blog with a challenge: “We ask chief executives, governments, NGOs, foundations. 

56. Stem cells 

a) Embryonic stem cells are valued by scientists because the cells’ descendant can turn into any other sort of body cells. 

b) These stem cells have been found in tissues such as the brain, bone marrow, blood, blood vessels, skeletal muscles, skin, and the liver. 

c) They might thus be used as treatments for diseases that require the replacement of a particular, lost cell type. 

d) Some example cited for a possible treatment using these cells are diabetes, motor neuron disease and Parkinson’s disease. 

57. Financial crisis 

a) Many people face serious financial crisis when they are only 20-30 years old. 

b) This is because they do not really pay attention to their daily spending, and has poured their spending on buying. 

c) This will lead to them paying piling credit card loan and monthly payments. 

d) Although they can have student loan, people should…(giving suggestion). 

58. Game 

a)RESEARCHERS in the field of artificial intelligence have long been intrigued by games, and not just as a way of avoiding work. 

b) Games provide an ideal setting to explore important elements of the design of cleverer machines, such as pattern recognition, learning and planning. 

c) Ever since the stunning victory of Deep Blue, a program running on an IBM supercomputer, over Gary Kasparov, then world chess champion, in 1997, it has been clear that computers would dominate that particular game. 

d) Today, though, they are pressing the attack on every front.  

59. German writer 

a) This site contains a comprehensive listing of the works of Norbert Elias, a German sociologist. 

b) The site lists not only his published books and articles but also manuscripts and oral communications, in a variety of media and including reprints and translations. 

c) The material has been catalogued, cross-referenced and organized by date. 

d) There is, however, no search facility. 

60. Tutorial 

a) Many students sit in a tutorial week after week without saying anything. 

b) Why is that? 

c) Maybe they do not know the purpose of a tutorial. 

d) They think it is like a small lecture where the tutor gives them information. 

e) Even if students do know what a tutorial is for, there can be other reasons why they keep quiet. 

61. Diversity 

a) To see whether diversity matters on the land and in the sea, …… join the forces. 

b) These researchers will test the full resources of

c) The data range from … and a database, to kitchen's recorders and archaeologists. ۨ 

d）The results of this research will be published in science.  

62. Monash abroad program 

a) Mechanical engineering student Ne Tan is spending the first semester of this year studying at the University of California, Berkeley as part of the Monash Abroad program. 

b) Ne, an international student from Shanghai, China, began her Monash journey at Monash College in October 2006. 

c) There she completed a diploma that enabled her to enter Monash University as a secondyear student. 

d）Now in her third year of study, the Monash Abroad program will see her complete four units of study in the US before returning to Australia in May 2009. 

63. Voice above 5mhz 

a) A study showed man can not hear voice higher than 5 hertz … 

b) To test this theory, xxx from xxx university gathered 6 students … 

c) As in the previous study, the volunteers cannot hear any sound higher than 5 hertz 

d) In thought of … as this frequency is too high that … 

64. Sustainable development 

a) Whatever happened to the idea of progress and a better future? I still believe both. 

b) The Brundtland Report, our Common Future (1987) defines sustainable development as” development which meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. 

c) Implicit in this definition is the idea that the old pattern of development could not be sustained. Is this true? 

d) Development in the past was driven by growth and innovation. It led to new technologies and huge improvements in living standards. 

e) To assume that we know what the circumstances or needs of future generations will be is mistaken and inevitably leads to the debilitating sense that we are living on borrowed time. 

65. Bankruptcy 

a) In Montana as elsewhere, companies that have acquired older mines respond to demands to pay for cleanup in either of two ways.

b) Especially if the company is small, its owners may declare the company bankrupt, in some cases conceal its assets, and transfer their business efforts to other companies or to new companies that do not bear responsibility for cleanup at the old mine. 

c) If the company is so large that it cannot claim that it would be bankrupted by cleanup costs, the company instead denies its responsibility or else seeks to minimize the costs. 

d) In either case, either the mine site and areas downstream of it remain toxic, thereby endangering people, or else the U.S. federal government and the Montana state government pay for the cleanup through the federal Superfund and a corresponding Montana state fund. 

66. Historical records 

a) Historical records, coins, and other date-bearing objects can help – if they exist. But even prehistoric sites contain records – written in nature’s hand. 

b) The series of strata in an archaeological dig enables an excavator to date recovered objects relatively, if not absolutely. 

c) However, when archaeologists want know the absolute date of a site, they can often go beyond simple stratigraphy. 

d) For example, tree rings, Dendrochronology (literally, te of a site, they cooden artefacts by matching their ring patterns to known records, which, in some areas of the world, span several thousand years.

67. Mission 

a) Early in 1938, one Folklore Research Mission dispatched to the north-eastern hinterlands of Brazil on a similar mission. 

b) They recorded whoever and whatever seemed to be interesting: piano carriers, cowboys, beggars, voodoo priests, quarry workers, fishermen, dance troupes and even children at play. 

c) The intention was to record as much music as possible as quickly as possible, before encroaching influences like radio and cinema began transforming the region’s distinctive culture. 

d) But the Brazilian mission’s collection ended up languishing in vaults here. 

68. Desert festival 

a) The 'Festival in The Desert' is a celebration of the musical heritage of the Touareg, a fiercely independent nomadic people. 

b) It is held annually near Essakane, an oasis some 40 miles north-west of Timbuktu, the ancient city on the Niger River. 

c) Reaching it tests endurance, with miles of impermanent sand tracks to negotiate. 

d) The reward of navigating this rough terrain comes in the form of a three-day feast of music and dance.  

69. Hip Hop 

a) Hip Hop culture emerged as a reaction to the gang culture and violence of the South Bronx in the 1970s, and daily experiences of poverty, racism, exclusion, crime, violence, and neglect. 

b) It necessarily embodies and values resilience, understanding, community and social justice. 

c) Without these, Hip Hop culture would never have been, and it is because these values remain at its core that Hip Hop is such a powerful agent of positive social change around the world. 

d) Yet, the Hip Hop project is not yet free from these difficult circumstances.  

70. Earthquake 

a) At 5:12 a.m. on April 18, 1906, the people of San Francisco were awakened by an earthquake that would devastate the city.

b) The main temblor, having a 7.7–7.9 magnitude, lasted about one minute and was the result of the rupturing of the northernmost 296 miles of the 800-mile San Andreas fault. 

c) But when calculating destruction, the earthquake took second place to the great fire that followed. 

d) The fire, lasting four days, most likely started with broken gas lines (and, in some cases, was helped along by people hoping to collect insurance for their property— they were covered for fire, but not earthquake, damage). 

71. Copernicus 

a) Copernicus probably hit upon his main idea sometime between 1508 and 1514. ۧ 

b) For years, however, he delayed publication of his controversial work, which contradicted all the authorities of the time. 

c) The historic book that contains the final version of his theory, De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium Libri VI (“Six Books Concerning the Revolutions of the Heavenly Orbs”), did not appear in print until 1543, the year of his death.

d) According to legend, Copernicus received a copy as he was dying, on May 24, 1543. 

e) The book opened the way to a truly scientific approach to astronomy. It had a profound influence on later thinkers of the scientific revolution, including such major figures as Galileo, Johannes Kepler, and Isaac Newton. 

72. Clothing fibers 

a) Fibers suitable for clothing have been made for the first time from the wheat protein gluten. 

b) The fibers are as strong and soft as wool and silk, but up to 30 times cheaper. 

c) Narendra Reddy and Yiqi Yang, who produced the fibers at the University of Nebraska in Lincoln. 

d) He says that because they are biodegradable, they might be used in biomedical applications such as surgical sutures. 

73. Native Living Beings 

a) Australia's native plants and animals adapted to life on an isolated continent over millions of years. 

b) Since European settlement they have had to compete with a range of introduced animals for habitat, food and shelter. 

c) Some have also had to face new predators. 

d) These new pressures have also caused a major impact on our country's soil and waterways and on its native plants and animals. 

74. Marine creature 

a) In order to establish whether diversity matters in the sea as well as on land, 11 marine biologists, along with three economists, have joined forces. 

b) They have spent the past three years crunching all the numbers they could lay on their hands on. 

c) These ranged from the current UN Food and Agriculture Organization's database to information hundreds of years old, gleaned from kitchen records and archeology. 

d) The results of this comprehensive analysis have been published in Science.

75. Benefit of language 

a) Over the years many human endeavors have had the benefit of language.

b) In particular a written language can convey a lot of information about past events, places, people and things. 

c) But it is difficult to describe music in words, and even more difficult to specify a tune. 

d) It was the development of a standard musical notation in the 11th century that allowed music to be documented in a physical form. 

e) Now music could be communicated efficiently, and succeeding generations would know something about the music of their ancestors. 

76. Green tea 

a) In May 2006, researchers at Yale University School of Medicine weighed in on the issue with a review article that looked at more than 100 studies on the health benefits of green tea. 

b) They pointed to what they called an "Asian paradox," which refers to lower rates of heart disease and cancer in Asia despite high rates of cigarette smoking. 

c) They theorized that the 1.2 liters of green tea that is consumed by many Asians each day provides high levels of polyphenols and other antioxidants. 

d) These compounds may work in several ways to improve cardiovascular health. 

e) Specifically, green tea may prevent the oxidation of LDL cholesterol (the "bad" type), which, in turn, can reduce the buildup of plaque in arteries, the researchers wrote. 

77. Internship 

a) During the school year, we had the benefit of being both unaccountable and omnipotent. 

b) insulated from the consequences of such decisions, and privy to all critical information about the case, we were able to solve complex business problems with relative ease. 

c) We knew that once we began our internships, this would no longer be the case. 

d) The information would be more nebulous and the outcomes of our decisions would be unpredictable. 

e) So in approaching this impending summer period, what lingered in the back of our minds was a collectively felt, unspeakable thought: "Were we really up to the challenge?"  

78. Meeting 

a) People always think it’s easy to organize a meeting. However, there are many potentials can hinder the starting time. 

b) This is especially true when employees are working with a large number of partners. 

c) Employees may meet troubles such as contacting and organizing a date and time, arranging accommodation, etc. 

d) In addition, sometimes you have to find children facility or other health care for the meeting participants. 

79. Pidgin 

a)In some areas, the standard chosen may be a variety that originally had no native speakers in the country. 

b)For example, in Papua New Guinea, a lot of official business is conducted in Tok Pisin. 

b)This language is now used by over a million people, but it began many years earlier as a kind of ‘contact’ language called a pidgin. 

c)A pidgin is a variety of a language (e.g. English) that developed for some practical purpose, such as trading, among groups of people who had a lot of contact, but who did not know each other’s languages.

80. Sea level rise 

a)Sea level rise led to 36 thousand people die every year. 

b)This number can be raised if sea level ceaseless goes up, scientists notified. 

c)According to the research, if sea level rises 50 centimeters, 86 million people will die. 

d)If sea level rises 1 meter, 168 million people will die all around the world. 

81. Vegetable intake 

a) Fruit and vegetable intake is important for the prevention of future chronic disease. So it's important to know whether intakes of teens are approaching national objectives for fruit and vegetable consumption. 

b) Larson and colleagues from the University of Minnesota undertook the study to examine whether or not teens in the state were increasing their intake of fruits and vegetables.

c) The study gathered information about fruit and vegetable intake among 944 boys and 1.161 girls in 1999 and again in 2004. 

d) Teens in middle adolescence are eating fewer fruits and vegetables than in 1999. Larson and colleagues found. 

e) This is giving us the message that we need new and enhanced efforts to increase fruit and vegetable intake that we haven't been doing in the past.

82. Blue halo 

a) Latest research has found that several common flower species have nano-scale ridges on the surface of their petals that meddle with light when viewed from certain angles. 

b) These nano-structures scatter light particles in the blue to ultraviolet colour spectrum, generating a subtle effect that scientists have christened the 'blue halo’. 

c) By manufacturing artificial surfaces that replicated 'blue halos', scientists were able to test the effect on pollinators, in this case foraging bumblebees. 

d) They found that bees can see the blue halo, and use it as a signal to locate flowers more efficiently

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