How you are scored
Oral fluency: 5 Native-like 4 Advanced 3 Good 2 Intermediate 1 Limited, 0 Disfluent
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1. Selective History
History
is selective. What history books tell us about the past is not everything that
happened, but what historians have selected. They cannot put in everything:
choices have to be made. Choices must similarly be made about which aspects of
the past should be formally taught to the next generation in the shape of
school history lessons.
2. Bird Nests
Nell
says that, in order to seek protecting from their furry foes, birds actually
prefer to build their nests in plots of swamp with a resident alligator. In fact,
in one study a graduate student planted fake alligators. The birds seemed to
prefer to build nests close to them. “Where there’s a water source, there are
alligators, so it’s sort of this moat of protection around these colonies.”
3. Neurotransmitter
A
ubiquitous neurotransmitter that carries signals between brain cells, dopamine,
among its many functions, is involved in multiple aspects of cognitive
processing. The chemical messenger has been extensively studied from the
perspective of external cues, or "deterministic" signals.
4. Civil War and Lincoln
The
southerners did not accept Lincoln as a president because of certain reasons,
based on historical grounds. Southerners wished to protect their rights in the
government and become more independent from the north. They considered
president elections to be unfair. Moreover, they thought that their own rights
will be ignored and limited. All this caused the separation of the southern
states and marked the beginning of the Civil War.
5. Matthew Brady
In
1861, Matthew Brady, a well-known portrait photographer, approached President
Lincoln requesting permission to move freely around the country photographing
the Civil War. Lincoln granted him permission to travel anywhere with the Union
armies, and his record of this conflict brought home to millions the horrors of
war.
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6. Introverts' Thinking
As
introverts are thinking, they reach back into long-term memory to locate
information. An introvert will often compare old and new experiences when
making a decision, which slows the processing down but leads to carefully
thought-out decisions. This means that introverts have an active dialogue with
themselves and usually walk around with many thoughts in their minds.
7. Faster Communications
As
we progress into the 21st century, communications are becoming faster and
faster. Think of the millions of different media images you are bombarded with
every day. It is as important now to be able to read and make sense of those
images, as it has been to be able to read ordinary text.
8. Source of Funding
A
study found that the research funded by the soft drinks industry had different
results from research funded by other sources and went on to suggest that they
may have been biased by the research itself. The whole point of the scientific
methods is to ensure the research results are not influenced by the source
of funding.
9. Tele-banking
The
transition from the 'brick and mortar' structure to 'click and order' model
started with the emergence of Information Technology and its use in the
financial sector. The use of technology in banking has resulted in availability
of multiple delivery channels like ATMs, tele-banking, internet banking, and
mobile banking.
10. Tasmania
Tasmania
is a large and relatively sparsely populated island off the south coast of
Australia. The island is of particular interest to natural scientists, who go
there to research the unique wildlife. Tasmania has, for example, twelve
species of bird that are not found anywhere else in the world.
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11. Sad Truth
The
sad truth is that happy sounds are infectious. Now comes research that at least
partly explains why. It was published this week in the journal of Neuroscience.
A British research team played various sounds including laughter to people who
are having their brain scanned by a functional MRI machine. All the sounds
activated the premotor cortical region of the brain — an area preparing facial
muscles to move.
12. Nectar
The
scientists say this is the first documented instance of nectar that attracts a
particular animal assistant being produced outside of a nectary. In fact, the
observed nectar bleeding might actually be an early system that evolved to
include the nectaries found in other plants today.
13. Biodiversity
We
understand the importance of supporting and restoring biodiversity, and we are
teaming up with the world’s leading molecular biologists, technologists,
conservation biologists, conservation organizations, ethicists and thought
leaders to call for 'Intended Consequences' to help us safely use all of the
available tools that can provide the advantage we need to turn the tide on
species loss.
14. Gator Hunter
Nell
and his colleagues took to the Everglades at night, hunting for gators near and
far from nests.' You have to use a spotlight and you see the little demon eyes
shining out of the marsh.' They lassoed the gators, pulled them into the
airboat, and took blood samples and body measurements.
15. English Colonies
English
colonies emerged along the eastern seaboard for a variety of reasons. People,
primarily men, originally migrated to Virginia to find gold and silver to make
a quick profit. After it became evident that there were no precious metals in
the area, men came to Virginia to start cultivating cash crops like tobacco.
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16. Noise
Prolonged
exposure to loud noise alters how the brain processes speech, potentially
increasing the difficulty in distinguishing speech sounds, according to
neuroscientists. Exposure to intensely loud sounds leads to permanent damage of
the hair cells, which act as sound receivers in the ear. Once damaged, the hair
cells do not grow back, leading to noise-induced hearing loss.
17. Physical Activities
Participating
regularly in physical activity has been shown to benefit an individual's health
and wellbeing. Regular physical activity is important in reducing the risk of
chronic diseases, such as heart disease and stroke, obesity, diabetes and some
forms of cancer. The National Physical Activity Guidelines for Adults recommends
at least 30 minutes of moderate-intensity physical activity, preferably every
day of the week, to obtain health benefits.
18. Credit Cards
Credit
cards used instead of cash, benefits and problems
19. Sandra Lousada
London's
National Portrait Gallery is currently celebrating the fifty-year career of
photographer Sandra Lousada. The twenty one portraits on display depict key
figures in literature, film and fashion from the early 1960s. Subsequent to the
acquisition of forty portraits by Lousada, the display at The National Portrait
Gallery highlights shots taken between 1960 and 1964, many of which feature in
Lousada's book Public Faces Private Places (2008). Formal commissioned
portraits are shown alongside behind the scenes photographs taken on films sets
and unguarded portraits of sitters captured at home.
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20. Chaplin and Sydney
Charlie Chaplin and his brother Sydney were
placed in an orphanage at a very early age. Becoming a vaudeville performer, he
joined Fred Karno's company in 1906. He made his film debut in Making a Living
(1914) and introduced the famous seedy and soft-hearted gentleman-tramp
routine, which became his hallmark. Numerous films for various studios brought
him world fame, all based on his mastery of pathos and slapstick acrobatics.
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